Our interpretations of the many codes and standards in our engineering industry
Alteration – Level 1 (Existing Building Code Section 503): Removal and replacement, or covering of existing materials, equipment, fixtures using new materials that serve the same purpose. Alteration –Level 1 does not include reconfiguration of space. Commentary: Typically the component (delegate) engineer (such as Engineering Express® who are Building Component Design Engineers) serves as…
DetailsASCE 7 separates wind loading into three types: Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWFRS), Components and Cladding (C&C), and Other Structures and Building Appurtenances. MWFRS is defined as “(a)n assemblage of structural elements to provide support and stability for the overall structure.” Typically, members which receive loading from two surfaces are designed to resist MWFRS…
DetailsIf a product is rated for Large Missile Impact (LMI) and has laminated glass as an infill, then it can be used anywhere in the building provided the product meets the pressures whether large or small missile (large missile level ‘D’). If the product is Large Missile impact with an insulted laminated glass the single…
DetailsThe 2006/2012 International Residential Code (IRC) contains railing guidelines similar to those found in the Florida Building Code Fifth Edition (2014, 2017). Below are the written regulations along with images displaying the code as it applies to its appropriate context. Helpful PDF also appears here: http://timnath.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2012-RESIDENTIAL-STAIR-GUIDE.pdf 2006 IRC R311.5.6 HANDRAILS (Height, Continuity, Grip Size) R311.5.6 (Handrails) …
DetailsThe minimum roof slope requirement for metal panels varies depending on panel connection conditions. The required roof slope varies with application of materials and use. See the below Florida Building Code Fifth Edition (2014, 2017) sections below to determine which slope is appropriate based on your specific design scenario. METAL ROOF PANEL. An interlocking…
DetailsHere are some useful sites to check the seismic criteria for a location: https://www.fema.gov/earthquake-hazard-maps https://earthquake.usgs.gov/hazards/designmaps/
DetailsThere’s more to consider when designing interior glass than just how it looks. Turns out there are quite a few design and safety factors to adhere to. In accordance with both the International and Florida Building Codes (2015 & 2014/2017 respectively): Regarding differential horizontal movement: (Section 2403.4) Interior Glazed Areas: Where interior glazing is…
DetailsIn Florida (as well as many states): If an engineer produces a drawing that is not a final plan, it needs to be sealed and stated as such. Releasing unsealed plans violates 61G15-23.001 as highlighted below. If the drawings an engineer produces are final plans, they need to be signed and sealed (as in the red text…
DetailsHere is a list of fastener markings for various grades of anchors. Information is reprinted courtesy of American Fastener FASTENER GRADE MARK (SCROLL DOWN TO SEE A CHART OF MARKINGS ON THE FASTENER TO IDENTIFY THEM) Identification Grade Mark Specification Fastener Description Material Nominal Size Range (in.) Mechanical Properties Proof Load(psi) Yield StrengthMin (psi)…
DetailsProduct Approvals for building components are the general rule in Florida. Building officials, architects, insurance companies, even homeowners ask for them all the time, frequently refusing permits, insurance discounts, and product installations. So what is the legal ruling on when and if product approvals are required for this product? The Florida Building Code requires only…
DetailsMany ask if there’s a difference between a 1 hour fire rating on a wall product vs a 1 hour fire rating on a roof product. If you think about it, fire (AKA heat) does behave differently as it rises vs. spreads. In fact, there is a difference: In the Florida Building Code (2014), Section 1505.1,…
DetailsThe Scenario The question comes up from time to time regarding requirements for a fence or railing to be 75% open (such as in the Lighthouse Point FL Building Code Amendments). This is the case for example in Florida when overlooking the Intracoastal in Broward County. This porosity also affects the design calculations for the…
DetailsSection 1809.5 of the Florida Building Code Fifth Edition (2014) and 2012 & 2015 International Building Code describe the design requirements of shallow foundations in regions where soil is subjected to seasonal ground freezing. The code requires that footings are protected from frost to prevent a phenomenon known as heave. Frost heave occurs when water…
DetailsExplanation In the event of a high wind event, it is the concern of building codes ASCE-7 and ASTM specifications that windows and doors don’t fail and develop an opening breach in the building. An opening would allow more wind to enter the structure and pressurize the inside of the building, leading to other doors…
DetailsThe UL 325 is a safety standard for door, drapery, gate, louver, and window operators and systems. The standard was developed by underwriters laboratories Inc. in an open non-exclusionary process for manufacturers to use in designing products. This standard provides minimum requirements for the manufacture and installation of gate operators. It applies to electric operators…
DetailsThe directionality factor (Kd) used in the ASCE 7 wind load provisions for components and cladding is a load reduction factor intended to take into account the less than 100% probability that the design event wind direction aligns with the worst case building aerodynamics. Per ASCE 7-10,Section 26.6, the Directionality Factor Kd is defined…
DetailsPer ASCE 7-10, buildings are composed of 5 different zones, depending on the wind loading they are subjected to. These zones are defined as follows: Zone 1: Has the lowest load; this zone accounts for approximately 80% of the roof surface, represented in the interior zones of the roof. Zone 2: Higher loading than Zone 1;…
DetailsPer ASCE 7, the Mean Roof Height (h) is defined as the average of the roof eave height and the height to the highest point on the roof surface, except that, for roof angles of less than or equal to 10°, the mean roof height is permitted to be taken as the roof eave height. Visually, AAMA TIR…
DetailsPer the Aluminum Design Manual (ADM) 2010, the allowable bending stress of round tubes shall be determined for the limit states of yielding, rupture, and local buckling: that given by section F.6.1 (compressive yielding), or that given by section F.6.1 (tensile yielding), or that given by section F.6.1 (tensile rupture), or that given by section…
DetailsThis is provided to inform clients and prospective clients of the requirements of the 2010 Aluminum Design Manual, Chapter M – Section M.7 Structures of the alloys covered by the Aluminum Design Manual are not ordinarily painted. Surfaces shall be painted where: 2014-T6 alloys are exposed to corrosive environments. Aluminum alloy parts are in contact…
DetailsPer the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS) 2012, Section 11.1.4.6 the minimum penetration (not including the length of the tapered tip) of the lag screw into the main member for single shear connections or the side member for double shear connections shall be four times the diameter, Pmin = 4Ø. A 1/2″ lag…
DetailsRegarding any aluminum railing project, it is imperative to understand the life-safety issue that arises when welding an aluminum railing post. A rail is classified as a life-saving fall guard for any elevation above 31 inches. The aluminum alloys normally used (such as 6061-T6) get their strength from a heat-treatment process. Welding weakens the heat-treated aluminum…
DetailsPer AISC-ANSI-360-10, the minimum edge distance for bolts is to follow the below table J3.4 https://www.scribd.com/doc/115942657/Minimum-Edge-Distance-Table-AISC-ANSI-360-10-Specifications-for-Structural-Steel-Buildings or buy direct from AISC: https://www.aisc.org/store/p-1578-steel-construction-manual-14th-ed-fourth-printing-hardbound.aspx
DetailsMetal fastening is designed per the requirements of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC): Specification for Structural Steel Buildings in conjunction with the American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA): TIR-A9-14 Design Guide for Metal Cladding Fasteners. The (2) most common types of fastener threads used in construction are Unified Coarse Thread (UNC) more commonly…
DetailsNote: Updated March 2018 in response to 3 negative user feedback comments for more information. Please thumb this up! A canopy is a structure which provides overhead protection from the elements such as rain, snow, or sunlight. Canopies can be attached to a structure or they can be free standing with their own supports. They…
DetailsAccording to Section 1710.8.4 of the Florida Building Code Fifth Edition (2014), “Opening protection components, fasteners, and other parts evaluated by an approved product evaluation entity, certification agency, testing laboratory, architect, or engineer and approved by the holder of the product approval may be interchangeable in opening protection assemblies provided that the opening protection component(s)…
DetailsA building is considered “enclosed” if it does not comply with the requirements for open or partially enclosed buildings (ASCE 7-10, Section 26.2, “BUILDING, ENCLOSED”). From the ASCE 7-05 Commentary BUILDING, ENCLOSED, OPEN, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED: These definitions relate to the proper selection of internal pressure coefficients, GCpi . Building, open and building, partially enclosed are specifically…
DetailsA building is considered open if each wall is at least 80 percent open (ASCE 7-10, Section 26.2, “BUILDING, OPEN”). This condition is expressed for each wall by the equation Ao ≥ 0.8 Ag where Ao = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure, in ft2 (m2) Ag = the…
DetailsA building is considered “Partially Enclosed” if it complies with both of the following conditions (ASCE 7-10, Section 26.2, “BUILDING, PARTIALLY ENCLOSED”): the total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure exceeds the sum of the areas of openings in the balance of the building envelope (walls and roof) by more…
DetailsThe Building Codes in the US reference ASCE-7 for the design of the components and cladding of buildings (26.1.2.2 ASCE 7-(10)). The theory of wind design goes that the smaller the area in consideration, the greater the probability that a maximum burst of wind will occur in that area over any 3 second period. Wind…
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